Real Number Essay

1. How do modules help you to reuse code in a program? It reduces the duplication of a code within a program by reusing the module that was written once. 2. Name and describe the two parts that a module definition has in most languages. The Header and a Body First the Header indicates a starting point Second the Body is a list of statements 3. When a module is executing, what happens when the end of the module is reached? Its executed and returned back to the point in the main program where it was sidetracked from 4. What is a local variable? What statements are able to access a local variable? A variable is declared inside a local module in which it is the only statement within a module 5. In most languages, where does a local variable’s scope begin and end? It begins at the variables declaration within a module and it ends at the end of the module in which the variable is declared. 6. What is the difference between passing an argument by value and passing it by reference? By the value only a copy of the arguments value is passed and by reference it is passed into a special modifications parameter. 7. Why do global variables make a program difficult to debug? It is because the global variables is used throughout all modules and plus they are hard to track. Algorithm Workbench 1. Design a module named timesTen. The module should accept an Integer argument. When the module is called, it should display the product of its argument multiplied times 10. Module Main () Call timesTen Module timesTen (Integer Value) Declare integerValue Set result = value*10 Display result End Module 5. Design a module named getNumber, which uses a reference parameter variable  to accept an Integer argument. The module should prompt the user to enter a number and then store the input in the reference parameter variable. Module getNumber (Integer Ref value) Display â€Å"Display a number† Input number End Module Module main () Declare Integer number x = 1 Declare Real number y = 3.4 Display (x, â€Å" † ,y) Call changeUS (x, y) Display (x, â€Å" † ,y) End module 6. What will the following pseudocode program display? Declare Integer x = 1 Declare Real y = 3.4 Display x, † â€Å", y Call changeUs( x, y) Display x, † â€Å", y End Module Module changeUs( Integer a, Real b) Set a = 0 Set b = 0 Display a, † â€Å", b End Module It will not display anything since there is nothing within the quotation marks 7. What will the following pseudocode program display? Module main() Declare Integer x = 1 Declare Real y = 3.4 Display x, † â€Å", y Call changeUs( x, y) Display x, † â€Å", y End Module Module changeUs( Integer Ref a, Real Ref b) Set a = 0 Set b = 0.0 Display a, † â€Å", b End Module As far as the module you would think that the displays would show something. But in both strings within the quotations marks both are blank to display. Programming Exercises 1. Kilometer Converter Design a modular program that asks the user to enter a distance in kilometers, and then converts that distance to miles. The conversion formula is as follows: Miles = Kilometers Ãâ€" 0.6214 Module main () Declare Real Kilometers Display â€Å"Enter a distance in kilometers† Input kilometers Call conversion (kilometers) End Module Module conversion (Realvalue) Declare Realmiles Set miles = value*0.6214 Display miles 2. Sales Tax Program Refactoring Programming Exercise 6 in Chapter 2 was the Sales Tax program. For that exercise you were asked to design a program that calculates and displays the county and state sales tax on a purchase. If you have already designed that program, refactor it so the subtasks are in modules. If you have not already designed that program, create a modular design for it. Module main () Declare Realpurchase Display â€Å"Enter the amount of purchase† Input purchase Call Module totalState (purchase) Call Module totalCounty(purchase) Declare Real totalTax Declare Real totalSale Set totalTax = totalState + totalCounty Set totalSale = purchase + totalTax Display â€Å"Your total state tax is†, totalState Display â€Å"Your total county tax is†, totalCounty Display â€Å"Your total tax is†, totalTax Display â€Å"Your total of your sale is†, totalSale End Module Module totalState (real Ref purchase) Set totalState sales tax = purchase*0.04 End Module Module totalCounty (real Ref purchase) Set totalCounty sales tax = purchase*0.02 End Module

Being Single and Being Married Essay

When I was twenty years old, my mother told me that it was times for me to get married. I replied to my mother whenever I succeed in life and able and anxious to protect our family, I am going to think about having a home of their own. Not only I but also people who is living in today’s society, tends to being single or married later. However, living in every situation has every its own advantages and disadvantages. There are some differences that I know between being single and being married, such as: times, finances and relationships. Firstly, the difference between being single and being married is times. Every morning waking up, doing house work calling to friends or going to shopping is the life of single. That is life without the constraints, so freedom and independence are slogan of single persons. They have a lot of time to go anywhere or do anything that they like. Opposite to being single, married life is a race against time. Exception time spent of work, most of the remaining time is for family. The time for the family as teaching, taking care of child, cooking or housework is one of the conditions required in marriage. Time is seen as a wire to close people in the family together. It creates happiness that everyone wants to be. So, being married is a hot thread that persons who take interest in, spends a lot of time to think and get experiences about it. Another difference between being single and being married is finances. Being single controls money by oneself, and cost of single life is cheaper than married life. Kinds of insurances, types of taxes and everything that relate to life, is anxiety of being married. When a couple wants to get married each other, they always care about cost of their life. On the other hand, single persons are paid salary every month, and they spend their life by their money. Single persons do not need to worry much about finances. However, this case is not always right, sometimes it is reversed. Finally, the difference between being single and being married is relationships. Being single makes many relationships and has many friends. Life of being single is not bind of any relationship. However, that is a serious problem if single person do not have a good relationship. In contrast to being single, being married has family ties. That is a responsibility part of persons in family, but being married has a great moral strength. When people faces to some problems or feeling bad, the first thing which people always think to, is family. Being  married means having a family, and it is a best moral support. Being single never has these things. The love from friends is able to replace to love from family for a single person, but that thing is a big difference. I n conclusion, the differences between being single and being married are times, finances and relationships. Being single and being married have its advantages and disadvantages. Times are important thing to marriage life, but it is normal for being single. In addition, being single differ to being married, finances are big problems with being married while finances is easy for being single. Relationships are one of matter of persons who are interested in life of marriage. All of these things effect to persons who decide being married or being single. In my mind, later marriage is a best way for current economy life.

Arnolfinis Marriage Essay

Arnolfinis Marriage Essay Jan van Eyck was one of the greatest and most influential Flemish painters of altarpieces and portraits of the 1400s Hayes. van Eycks paintings often include objects with hidden symbolic meaning. There are several different interpretations of the symbolic meaning concerning his portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his second bride often referred to as The Arnolfini Marriage. Marriage is a sacred union between man and woman. A wedding is one of the most important events in a womans life. Often a wedding occurs in the present of the wedding party, family members and friends. During the 1400s a wedding ceremony was performed in the privacy of the home. van Eyck was hired to paint a portrait of this marriage union. Some art historians, like Panofsky, claim that van Eyck was a witness to the Arnolfini wedding and the painting serves as documentation of their vows Kren. Jeanne de Chenany looks pregnant in her green wedding dress, this wedding was kept private because it was a secret or maybe this type of dress was very stylish during the 1400s. The bride was definitely not a virgin, because white symbolizes pureness not green. Arnolfini is holding Jeanne de Chenany hand as an expression of his love for her. This wedding was held during the daytime because you can clearly see the light through the window in the painting. The single burning candle in the chandelier was not needed to light up the room. This candle symbolizes the union candle or could even symbolize the presence of God. In the Renaissance culture, a devotional candle signified Gods all-seeing knowledge Pioch. Arnolfini and his bride are not wearing any shoes. This symbolizes the floor is considered holy ground or the sanctity of marriage Pioch. Some art historians claim the shoes do not have a symbolic meaning. Dog were considered a symbol of devotion and love so often they were included in portraits of a married couple. van Eyck painted the mirror as a reflection of the witnesses present for the wedding. Which includes van Eycks own tiny self-portrait Pioch. His signature on the painting reads Jan van Eyck was present, this has been interpreted by some historians as an indication that he served as a witness Pioch. If the Arnolfinis Marriage had taken place during the 1900s it would have been very easy for an artist to include every single detail of the wedding. Because the wedding took place during the 1400s, all we can do is assume or use our best judgment to interpret the true meaning of each symbol in the portrait. We can all at least agree van Eyck was the artist that painted this portrait. Then again some historians say his brother Hubert was the artist. Kren

Auctions - Microeconomics 3rd Year Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auctions - Microeconomics 3rd Year - Essay Example As the auction proceeds, the price starts declining. A bidder can stop the auction at any time, claim the object, and pay the ongoing price. This particular type of auction is also described as a descending bid auction and has been traditionally used by the Dutch in flower markets. This is the most commonly used format. Bidding starts at a low price. The bidders compete by submitting ascending bids until only one bidder is left. This bidder wins the object and pays the ongoing price. It is the opposite of the Dutch auction and is described as an ascending bid auction. The eBay auction is a variation of this type of auction. This mechanism is similar to the first-price sealed-bid auction, with the exception that the highest bidder pays the second highest bid. It is also referred to as the Vickrey auction. It is seldom used but is commonly used in theoretical work because of its simplicity and closeness to the English auction. The Dutch auction and the first price sealed bid auction are strategically equivalent regardless of the information structure (independent private value or common value) and risk preferences (risk neutrality or risk aversion). A strategy is a complete description of instructions to be played throughout the game. The strategic form of a game is the set of alternative strategies to each player and their corresponding expected payoffs from following them. Two games are strategically equivalent if they share the same strategic form. In a Dutch auction, each bidder needs to decide at which price he would want to claim the object, assuming that it is still unclaimed. This is also true for the first-price sealed-bid auction. When a bidder is in a first-price sealed bid auction he thinks about whether to bid  £95 or  £100. He is actually trading off winning with a lower bid between  £95 and  £100. This is exactly the same considerations that are given in the Dutch auction. The English auction and the Second-price

Critical Book Review - Predictably Irrational - Dan Ariely (2008 or Essay

Critical Book Review - Predictably Irrational - Dan Ariely (2008 or 2009 edn) - Essay Example However, this is not always the case. The book discusses that how cognitive psychology influences the ability of an individual to assess the pros and cons of a given economic situation. Behavioural economics being the focus, the book also develops an interdisciplinary approach and topics such as finance, market and management are explored from time to time. The book has been written by Dan Ariely. He is an Israeli – American professor of behavioural economics and psychology. Ariely is currently appointed as a professor in the Duke University, Department of Economics. He is also a Senior Fellow at the Kenan Institute of the same university. (Duke University, 2010) He has a strong grip of psychology and behavioural economics and hence he is better able to analyze people. His background suggests he has intercultural exposure as he has been brought up in Israel and now he works in USA. I think this helps him to develop a deeper insight of the people’s behaviour. Dan Ariely spent his early life in Israel. As a native Israeli, Ariely was engaged in military service when he was eighteen years old. While at service, a magnesium flare explosion left him severely injured. He had 3rd degree burns almost all over his body, and he had to remain in hospital bed for a long time. During this period of his life, Ariely began to reflect on human behaviour. For example, he wondered why the nurses removed his bandages in the way they did. Were they able to behave according to their intention to relieve him? If not, why? He also noted the behaviour of the other patients around him. It is from here Ariely started his research on irrational behaviour of individuals. The book is well structured and planned. It has thirteen chapters. Some chapters have impressive titles like ‘Power of Price (Why a 50-Cent Aspirin Can Do What a Penny Aspirin Can’t?)’ (Ariely, 2009: p. 173) and ‘The Effect of Expectations (Why the Mind Gets What It Expects?)â€℠¢ (Ariely, 2009: p. 155). These sorts of topics are certainly thought provoking. As the reader looks at the outline of the book, his or her curiosity is increased. The sections in each of Ariely’s chapters tell a story, describe it well and conduct an experiment. Finally, at the end of every chapter, Ariely analyzes the inferences and develops postulates on how the results obtained so far can change a person’s economic behaviour. In the book, the writer has not merely criticized classical economics. He has expressed his concern about behavioural irrationalities too. In the context of the books describing anomalies and irrationalities, there is â€Å"a growing fan base within disciplines outside of economics† (McKenzie, 2009: p. 32). Ariely respects the readers from this fan base and he is tireless to continuously explain his economic views so that the readers from non-economics background can also understand the key concepts. The basic idea of the book (as we fi nd in its 2008 ed. too) delivers a strong blow to the very concept that we can operate a system on the basis of the assumptions that people will always act according to the rational calculus. Cognitive inconsistencies are real factors, and they should be analyzed and reflected on by the academia, government, corporations and policy makers. In practice, economic strategies are actually directed to appeal to emotion, not rational calculus (Thomas, 2008). Further, as reviewed by Doctorow (2010), â€Å"

Investigation in how inequality of promotions affects employee Dissertation

Investigation in how inequality of promotions affects employee attitude and their effect on businesses Glass Ceiling effect - Dissertation Example Since historical times, women and minorities continue to lag behind in career advancement as their male counterparts take almost all management and chief executive jobs. Despite the fact that the population of women and men in the world do not vary much, this trend is not replicated at the workplace, where top echelons seem to be a preserve for men. The artificial barriers that are placed in the path of women and minorities so that they do not climb the corporate ladder is generally referred to as the glass ceiling effect. This paper explores the concept of the glass ceiling effect with regards to its implications on employee attitude, pay gap, rewards, job satisfaction and performance. Importantly, the effects of the glass ceiling on the overall performance and operations of business are explored. In the end, several recommendations have been outlined. Examples of these recommendations are training and education for improved skills, knowledge, competencies and potentials and awarene ss about and fighting for one’s values and rights. The paper aims to advise policymakers, government and professional agencies, theorists, researchers and individual employees on the implications of the glass ceiling effect and how it may be addressed. Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Literature review 4. Findings 5. Discussion/Analysis and implications 6. Recommendations 7. Conclusions 8. References 9. Appendix Introduction In modern day workplace, minority groups continue to suffer institutionalized as well as other forms of discrimination in their daily work life. The most common ways in which work place discrimination manifests is via human resources related activities such as task assignment, deployment, transfers, job description and evaluation and promotions among others (Baker et al., 1995). However, promotion discrimination ranks among the most widespread forms of discrimination at the work place. Consequently, vulnerable and minority groups such as women, the disabled and minority ethnic and racial groups are largely underrepresented at the top echelons of employment (Tomaskovic-Devey, 2003). This scenario prevails despite the huge strides made in the last three decades to reverses the trend in which women and people from minority races and ethnicities are discriminated in job promotion (Lehmann & Lang, 2010). This apparently widespread discrimination calls for further researches into its causes, effects and the interventions by which it could be effectively, efficiently and permanently reversed (Francine & Kahn, 1996). It is for this reason that this research has been proposed and designed; to unearth the effects of inequality in promotion, otherwise referred to as ‘the glass ceiling effect’, on employee attitudes and business as a whole entity (Ghosh & Waldman, 2010). Because of the social, economic, cultural and health implications of this discriminatory trend on businesses as well as individual employees, thi s papercovers the socioeconomic and cultural effects of the glass ceiling effect on individuals and businesses. The importance of this paper lies in the fact that it would be really effective if a business owner understood the detrimental effects of glass ceiling not only on his or her workers but also on the business performance. Hence, from the highlighted effects, a business owner and manager would be best placed to implement strategies and practices that would promote fairness and

Financial analysis of bSKYb 2012(only profitability ratio analysis Essay

Financial analysis of bSKYb 2012(only profitability ratio analysis part see instruction) - Essay Example U.K: Intellect Books 10 1.0 Executive summary This present paper is a report that has been prepared from the standpoint of financial analysts working for a Merchant Bank. In the report, the financial analysts provide advice to the pension fund managers in regards to whether it is a viable or a good strategic business decision to make a considerable investment in BSkyB Corporation. The size of the investment is still a matter of discussion but if the report recommends for the investment in BSkyB then the pension fund managers will seek to purchase up to a maximum of 3% of the total issued share capital of the corporation that are listed at the London Stock Exchange. The report will include historical data of the BSkyB Corporation and it will focus on the future prospects for the company. Other details that will be contained in the report include a brief description of the company, the company’s mission, and strategic direction, the balance of skills and experience of the Board of Directors, and the SWOT analysis of the company. 2.0 BSkyB Corporation According to Horsman (1997), The British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (BSkyB), which is commonly referred to as Sky is a British corporation that mainly deals in satellite broadcasting, broadband, and telephone services. The company was originally formed in the year 1990 after the merger between the British Satellite Broadcasting and Sky Television, which were at that time facing financial constraints because of the increased competition between them and other rival television companies (Horsman, 1998). Presently, the company, which has its headquarters located at London, operates in both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. By operating in these two markets, the company has been able to have 10,742,000 customers of which majority of them are TV customers. Other significant customers are the Sky HD customers, the Sky Talk customers, and the Sky broadband customers. It is of essence to note that beside s the residential customer base, the company operates other businesses that target a different consumer segments, these businesses include Sky Business, Sky Media, Sky Betting & Gaming, and Sky Sports Digital Media. This wide customer base has propelled the company to be largest pay-TV broadcaster in both the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom (BSkyB Corporate, 2013). 2.1 BSkyB Corporation’s mission and strategic direction BSkyB mission is to offer the best to the customers, and other stakeholders, and even to positively contribute to the lives of people both in the Republic of Ireland and in the UK. Secondly, the company also aims at creating value for their shareholders whilst achieving lasting success by focusing on long-term sustainability. The company’s strategic direction is based on the idea of always seeking to improve on their offerings to their customers, and this involves coming up with new innovative products for satellite broadcasting, and improvin g the quality of broadband and telephone services. 3.0 Balance of skills and experience of the board of directors The BSkyB Corporation’s board of directors is made up of fourteen members of whom the Chairman is Mr. Nicholas Ferguson who is a non-executive director of the company. Mr. Ferguson brings into the board exceptional

Strategic Management Unit 4DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic Management Unit 4DB - Essay Example the company is committed to contribute to waste reduction, resource preservation, efficient use of energy and making fuel-efficient vehicles (General Motors, 2014; Crumm, 2010). In order to remain on track with its environmental policies, General Motors establishes relations with the communities that host its operations in setting up ways of increasing efficiency in energy use. For example, in Michigan, it collaborates with DTE Energy both inside and outside its plants. The company shares tips on how to manage, in a better way, negative environmental impacts through its official website. General Motors has designed a blueprint for adopting landfill-free way of life. To promote safety, General Motors China conducted a Safe Road Project that sensitized people to wear safety belts and drive safely. General Motors recycles waste in an endeavour to remain committed to the zero-waste campaign. The company uses 37 MW of solar energy in a number of its facilities in order to promote efficient energy use (General Motors, 2014; Crumm, 2010). General Motors’ commitments to the environment are universal. It channels many of its resources to the making of vehicles that have reduced environmental pollution impact. Auto companies have been using solar energy in promoting efficient energy use. Waste recycle is one of the most common ways of reducing environmental pollution used by people even beyond auto making business (General Motors, 2014; Crumm,

Summary of a book chapter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Summary of a book chapter - Assignment Example A small nation facing external threats relies on alliances to overcome such security issues (Duffield, 1992). According to the author, alliances have been a common place in modern history. There have been close to 648 alliances since the early 19th century up to the 21st century. However, most of these alliances have been significantly small with an average of three member nations. Alliances are common in a number of European nations. The author concurs with the notion that alliances are a major influence on international relation. The author attributes a number of outbreaks and spread of the military conflict to alliances. He supports this assumption by stating that the establishment of international alliances can have significant effects on the security of the individual nation and help to determine both the likely outcome of a war (Duffield, 1992). The author provides a number of factors that explain the persistence and collapse of alliances. Approximately 263 alliances with both defensive and offensive attributes have existed for close to 200 years. The author provides estimates of their mean of duration and standard deviation at 13.4 and 13.1 respectively. Defensive alliances with no offensive elements lasted longer. According to the author, wars and shift in the map of global politics that such wars occur are the key factors affecting the persistence or the collapse of alliances (Duffield 1992). Out of the many alliances formed in the late 19th century, a few outlived the First and the Second World War. The author provides other factors behind the persistence and the collapse of wars. The motive behind the formation of alliances is a key determinant of whether the alliance will last for long or whether it will collapse after a short duration. According to the author, as long as the motives for the formation of alliances remain in place, then the alliance will persist. The author agrees that international relation is a key motive for an alliance

Entrepreneurial Innovations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Entrepreneurial Innovations - Research Paper Example In addition, the wide-ranging availability of the Internet for performing business-related tasks of the businesses, sellers, and buyers is the primary reason behind the development of electronic commerce (or simply e-commerce). Actually, â€Å"electronic commerce is the method of selling and purchasing services and goods and products performed electronically by means of computerized business transactions over the Internet, networks, and other digital technologies† (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p. 25; Stair & Reynolds, 2003, p. 19). There are different kinds of innovations in the context of IT, which can be implemented by an organization to upgrade their business processes. For instance, an organization can automate their business process, implement an e-commerce portal or use the Internet for marketing strategies and so on. Innovation in the context of organizational change also plays a significant function in the business organizations. No matter, whether a business organization is going to formulate or launch a new product, or going to introduce a new service, or going to invent and put into practice a technological invention that can change the business processes or a new management tool or technique, innovation, and organizational change helps the business organization develop and put into operation a business strategy and infrastructure. In fact, many business organizations invest a higher proportion of their finances in forming and implementing an innovation strategy than others.  

John Clare Essay Example for Free

John Clare Essay John Clare (1793-1864) was born on July 13 at Helpstone, a village in Northamptonshire, close to the Lincolnshire fens. His father, Parker Clare, worked as a farm laborer. In his spare time his father was also a rustic wrestler and ballad singer. Clare attended a dame school in his native village, and then went to Glinton School in the next village. When his father became ill with rheumatism, Clare began work first as a horse-boy, then ploughboy, then as a gardener at Burghley House. In 1812 he enlisted in the militia, returning home eighteen months later. He met Martha Turner in Casterton, who joined the Clare family just before the birth of the first of their eight children. Clare’s first book of poems appeared in 1820, published by Hessey and Taylor. The volume ran to four editions in the first year, and he became celebrated in London literary society as the â€Å"peasant poet†. In 1837 Clare was admitted into Mathew Allen’s private asylum of High Beech in Epping Forest, where he stayed for four years until he discharged himself, walking the eighty miles home to Northborough in three days, eating grass on the way. He wrote two long, suffering poems, Don Juan and Child Harold, which documented his precious mental state. He was certified insane by two doctors in December 18841 and was admitted to St, Andrews County Lunatic Asylum in Northampton, where he was treated well and continued to write, producing many short, semi-mystical poems. John Clare later passed away in the institution in 1864 at the age of 71. First Love I neer was struck before that hour With love so sudden and so sweet, Her face it bloomed like a sweet flower And stole my heart away complete. My face turned pale as deadly pale. My legs refused to walk away, And when she looked, what could I ail? My life and all seemed turned to clay. And then my blood rushed to my face And took my eyesight quite away, The trees and bushes round the place Seemed midnight at noonday. I could not see a single thing, Words from my eyes did start They spoke as chords do from the string, And blood burnt round my heart. Are flowers the winters choice? Is loves bed always snow? She seemed to hear my silent voice, Not loves appeals to know. I never saw so sweet a face As that I stood before. My heart has left its dwelling-place And can return no more First love is a poem, which shows the experience the poet has falling in love for the first time. It is rejoicing the love he attained for a woman named Mary Joyce however there is sadness and a feeling of dissatisfaction hovering in the background. This feeling exists, as the love was unrequited. The poem has an underlying tone of innocence and flurry of emotions as it is the poets very first attempt at love exhibiting his feelings for Mary. The opening of the first stanza only shows how sudden and unexpected the feeling was as he was never â€Å"struck before that hour†, this is followed my sibilance alliteration so sudden and so sweet further emphasizing on the shock and bewilderment of the overwhelming feeling confirming it is a new experience. He uses his heart as a symbol that she has stolen completely away however unknowingly. The paragraph continues to describe how he physically felt ill as his face turned pale a deadly pale. Generally when a person falls in love the instinct is that the blood rushed to the face, which occurs as a latter reaction. This could be because he probably already sensed that the love could not be returned as he didn’t say anything to her instead he hoped that his eyes would convey the message â€Å"words from my eyes did start†. He never came close to even touching or  talking to her however the line â€Å"all seemed to turn to clay† conveys the strong affection he attained for her. He also shows how the woman is in control of their relationship as she could mould and re-mould him as per her wish. In the second stanza he goes on to describe more of his emotions brought forward by this interaction. He makes it quite visual for us of how the love has its affect on him and how he flushes with embarrassment so much that for a moment he feels blind. The physical impact of love relates the experience of love and loss.

Policy and Example Strategic Planning Essay Example for Free

Policy and Example Strategic Planning Essay Identify and describe what it is about strategic plans that make them difficult to implement. Support your argument with an example Strategic planning: matching organizational objectives and capabilities to the anticipated demands of the environment to produce a plan of action that will ensure achievement of objectives.( Denhardt Denhardt, 2010) What make strategic plans difficult is trying to plan make a decision that effects multiple people with different beliefs or issues. An example would be immigration reform the us is trying to reform the immigration rules and make a set of laws that effect multiple immigrants but not all immigrants have the same issues or back ground. Some immigrants or here do to no fault of their own, some are here on expired visas and others are just here straight out illegally. It hard to make law or a plan for those that are in this country due to no fault of their own. As the author notes, the effective communication of a policy analysis to policymakers is frequently difficult. Explain the sources of this difficulty, and describe at least three ways you might attempt to overcome it. Policy analysis: is the process of researching or analyzing public problems to provide policy makers with specific information about the range of available policy options and advantages and disadvantages of different approaches ( Denhardt Denhardt, 2010). The author pointed out in Denhardt Denhardt on page 203 is that the problem is only vaguely understood at the outset, and part of the analyst job to develop background statement or issue a paper that outlines the paper. On method of solving the problem would be to start a focus group or have a town hall meeting to discuss the issues or problems others have faced when it come to the issue you are researching. Two would be to conduct substantial research from various sources such as journals, books, news papers and so fourth, and third talk to people that or at the same agency level are you that could be helpful.

Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science

Investigating Criminal Justice And Forensic Science The main field of criminal investigation is forensic science. It is most important to understand to forensic science first. Forensic science is the application of the science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system (Richard S. 2007, page-5). Criminal investigation is the collection of information and evidence for identifying, apprehending and convicting suspected offenders Professor Ralph F. Turner of Michigan State University prefers: A criminal investigation is the reconstruction of the past event Either definition may be clarified further by examining the specific responsibilities of the investigator (James W.O. and Richard H.W., 2000, page no. 5). This essay will first demonstrate the brief history of criminal investigation then it will describe crime laboratory including their basic and operational services. Finely we will discuss some important technology. The aim of this essay describes criminal investigation before and now due to addition of new technologies (see appendix 1.1). History of criminal investigation Today many believe that Sir Arthur Conan Doyle had considerable influence on popularizing scientific crime-detection methods through his fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who first applied newly developing principles of serology (see appendix 1.1), fingerprinting, firearms identification and questions-documents examination long before their value was first recognized and accepted by real-life criminal investigations(Richard S. 2007, page-5). Previous kind of controlled confirmation did not start to grow until the 18th and 19th centuries for crime, a time during which much of our modern -day chemistry understanding was just starting to be developed. Then new forensic term Toxicology was described by Mathieu Orfila (1787-1853) in 1840 for his criminal investigation. (White P.C. 2008, page -2). In addition Bresler (1992) suggests that in Brussels during 1843 the police took the first ever photograph of a criminal. In France early 1879 Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914) appointed for police in city of Paris to process documents file with description of photographs (Lan K. P., 2005 page-4), He also devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879 in this system he applied some series of body measurements to identify criminal and others. For few decades it was good method for criminal identification after it takeover by fingerprinting nearly 1900s, early his effort make him Father of criminal identification ( Richard S. 2007, page-6). However it was first time in criminal investigation and now forensic scientists use this result for combination of analytical measurement to discriminate between groups or to compare samples. Fingerprints became more successful method for personal identification. It was Sir William Herschel, a British civil servant in India and Henry Faulds got credit for early investigation (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Francis Galton (1822-1911) First definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing. He also published a book Finger Prints which contented the first statistical proof supporting the uniqueness of his method of personal identification (Richard S. 2007, page-6). On the other hand up until 1900 it had been impossible to determine if a blood sample or stain was of human or animal origin (White P.C. 2008, page-3). Then Blood groups technique immediately applied to criminal investigation in 1915 by Dr. Leone Letter (1887-195 7). Before Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood may organize in sub classes as A, B, AB, and O. then comes to know that, it can be use full for criminal identification (Richard S. 2007, page-6). As well as in 1910, Albert S. Osborn wrote first book Questioned Documents. In this book he developed some principles of documents analysis which is recognized by court. Apart from this an advocate Edmond Locard convinced The Lyons Police department to start police laboratory. His works was identified by forensic scientist and criminal investigators then they support him become founder and director of the institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons. He thought that when a criminal involved in criminal activity so he can be associated with crime by dust particles (Locard `s Exchange principle: whenever two or more objects come in contact with one another, there is exchange of material between them). On the behalf of this proof criminal arrested and feel guilty himself in court. Af ter 1st world-wore he was successes to agree some country to built police laboratory. Now Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is biggest laboratory in world which is analysing up to one million cases every year (Richard S. 2007, page-8). (See appendix 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4). Crime laboratory for criminal investigation Criminal laboratories are mainly developed by agencies which have prospective purpose to criminal investigation or pushed by rising order of casework. This independent agencies increased number of staff one employee to more than hundred and improved their facility in particular direction. New technology lead forensic scientist with various skills and application to face active participation in criminal justices system. There are two main basic and optional services provided by forensic laboratories. In basic services, firstly physical science unit analyses principle of geology, physic and chemistry to find out criminal with the help of crime-scene proof (drugs, paint, soil, glass and explosive). Second is biology unit which is now a day`s mainly responsible for DNA Profiling. They took DNA from various sources (like hair, blood, skin, saliva and more) and lead to arrest correct criminal. Thirdly firearms unit, they look for target of angle, which arms have been used. Then documents e xamine unit, analyze handwriting, relation between paper and ink. Finely photography unit, new technique like x-ray, ultraviolet and digital photography bring invisible things to in evidence. Other operational services are toxicology unit, Latent fingerprinting unit, polygraph unit, voiceprint analysis unit and crime scene investigation (Richard S. 2007, page-13). We will discuss in detail in next few paragraphs and how it have changed with time. (See appendix 1.1). Process and technology involved in criminal invigoration and how it developed with time Forensic evidence starts at the scene if proofs are unrecognized or handle without care at the scene, most of laboratory analysis will be unable to identify truthful proof for crime and scene cant be revisit for more effort to documented other proof. There are some people involved for responsibility this task, which are police officers, detectives, crime scene examiner, scientific support officer, or forensic scientist. In 19th century, technical supports were rising because of first most important work was identified and documented by Gross in a book Criminal Investigation for the importance of systematic approaches then his work was also influences this time for art of crime detections. Importance of content proof was first see by Locard (See appendix 1.1) which can give links in series of proof and because of him in 20th century, the big jump forward in analytical technique and electronic revolution in every branch of science to facilitate Locard trace proof which can be glass, fi bres, soil, blood, hair, and many more. This proof we can include as physical evidence. (White P.C. 2008, page -21). But it is unworkable to collect all things from crime site. The experienced investigator well-known to recognized important object and how it can be used as a proof of crime and how field expert can analysis this thing in laboratory. There is some common types of physical evidence, firstly blood, semen and saliva; with this samples they identify it`s human or animal (see appendix 1.1) in past but now with this proof a biologist can describe correct criminal with the help of DNA(See appendix 1.2). Second is, documents, to analyze handwriting, relation between paper and ink and some more aspects. There are many physical evidence like this which are; explosive, drugs, fibres, fingerprinting, firearms, glass, hair, impressions, paint, petroleum product, plastic and other polymers, serial number, vehicle light, wood and many more. This all physical evidence has their piece of history (Richard S. 2007, page-70). To identify this all physical evidence microscope have big contribution. Microscope is a device which can expand and resolve the physical evidence to identify fact behind crime. Most of physical evidence is identify in crime laboratory by microscope and it was the earliest method for forensic science so in a history of criminal investigation it has major contribution to solve many crimes from light microscope to new Morden electron microscope. If any expansion in powerful scanning, then Morden electronic microscope secure attach new aspect in forensic science. Help of the microscope, forensic scientists analyses hair, fibre and paint (Richard S. 2007, page-180). As according to Locard (See appendix 1.1) physical evidence distorted among people and during the time of crime. This physical evidence is analyzed in criminal laboratory to find out criminal. So hair is also a physical evidence to describe criminal, with hair we can find DNA of criminal (See appendix 1.2). Then fibre can be source for criminal identification. Finely paint, environment have uncountable item whose surfaces are painted. It`s not shocking to recognized paint. Thats why it`s most established kind of physical evidence by the forensic laboratory (Richard S. 2007, page-208 and 233). Some students of Orfila`s come back in 19th century to United Kingdom. They stabilised toxicology subject in their home university under authority of forensic medicine. A toxicology service given by university forensic medicine department and it is still accurate in most case today. Toxicology is most important concerned analyze from blood or urine to identify poison and it can be evidence for c rime (White P.C. 2008, page -318). On the other hand DNA verification is now extensively acknowledged as a forensic technology for open range of criminal investigations. It promote police to criminal by identify DNA profiling. DNA profiling is a database or information about human and every human have unique information in their DNA. This technique also can describe suspect (Richard L. 2008, page-19). DNA application purpose to criminal case was quick through some renowned cases in the eyes of everyone. DNA profiling is approximately occupied for established now and DNA profiling is one of the most powerful tool in forensic science. It allows identifying very strongly to criminal. Before this technique (DNA profiling) fingerprinting was used. DNA can be found at crime side by hair, saliva, skin, lip-prints, tissue, bone, urine and more. This evidence is analyzed in criminal laboratory and outcome is satisfactory criminal. DNA has big area of information so it is impossible to descri be everything about it in this writing work (Andrew R.W. and Julie M.J, 2008, page no. 138). However it is suggested that only two people have matching set of fingerprint in many million. That`s why is an successful path to recognized criminal. This method was found so far away (for history see appendix 1.1). Now we have many new technology, most of them very expansive but is very economical. It is not possible to describe more about it because it has many different pattern systems and this project have some words limits (Lan K. P., 2005 page-68). (See appendix 1.2). Finely two more important additions are computer forensic and internet in criminal investigation. From 1990, hardly any field progressed as quickly as computer technology. It turns out to be an essential basis of evidence for criminal analysis. It provides very faster response to analysis of criminal identification. Computer forensic concerned to storage data, gaining data and explanation of computer data. Data stored in some devices like iPods, camera, memory stick, smart cards, and others. Technique to get data from these devices is more not easy but it is unique. Now only we can use data to identify crime but we can also operate many task. Like cyber crime, mail box, and others so it is a newest technology which is involved in many areas of forensic science. Related to computer forensic we can also talk about forensic science and internet (Richard S. 2007, page-524). Besides internet is main source of communication now. Anyone can get millions of information on internet. No subjec t or profession remain untouched by the internet, including forensic science every week many information are uploaded about forensic science. So we can have lots of information from internet about it. Apart from this all forensic science agency exchange their information from internet (Richard S. 2007, page-553). (See appendix 1.1). Conclusion The aim of this essay was to evaluate the effect of technology in criminal sciences to prove perfect result to identify criminal. It was unable to predict correct criminal with the help of series of body measurements but evaluation of fingerprinting become most accurate and cheep method. Then recently addition of DNA profiling and computer forensic start to predict most passable criminal identification, this new technology including internet may have big contribution to further development of criminal investigation because their aspects are endless. DNA, fingerprinting and computer forensic are very big area but it described briefly due to worlds limits. Finely as I have shown there is clear difference between traditional and modern criminal investigation.

The Great Wall of China Essay examples -- History Historical China Chi

The Great Wall of China To the northwest and north of Beijing, a huge, serrated wall zigzags it's way to the east and west along the undulating mountains. This is the Great Wall, which is said to be visible from the moon. This massive wall has not only been one of the Ancient Seven Wonders of the World, but it has also been inspiration for many artists, and writers. The building of the Great Wall is one of the biggest tragedies, but through this tragedy arose triumph with the wall, being so much to so many people. The Great Wall of China is much more than a wall, and was built for many reasons that are hidden to most. Construction of the Great Wall started in the 7th century B.C. The wall states that under the Zhou Dynasty in the northern parts of the country each built their own walls for defense purposes. After the state of Qin unified China in 221 B.C., it joined the walls to hold off the invaders from the Xiongnu tribes in the north and extended them to more than 10,000 li or 5,000 kilometers. This is the origin of the name of the "10,000-li Great Wall". (Karls, Robert 10,000-li Great Wall) To understand everything about the Great Wall it is necessary to know the many components of the wall, and their purposes. The Great Wall was renovated from time to time after the Qin Dynasty. A major renovation started with the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, and took 200 years to complete. The wall we see today is almost exactly the result of this effort. With a total length of over 6,000 kilometers, it extends to the jiayu Pass in Gansu Province in the west and to the mouth of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province in the east. What lies north of Beijing is but a small section of it. (Karls) The Badaling section of the Great Wall snaking along the mountains northwest of Beijing was built at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century. Being 7.8 meters high and 5.8 meters wide at the top on the average, it has battle forts at important points, including the corners. (Karls) Located 10 kilometers south of the Badaling section of the Great Wall and built in an 18.5-kilometre-long valley, the pass has always been an important gateway northwest of Beijing. The name is believed to have its origin in the workers and slaves conscripted to build the Great Wall in ancient times. Cloud Terrace, built in 1345, was originally the base of a pagoda over... ...arwick Press, 1986 4. Kalman, Bobbie. China the Land. New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 1989 5. Kan, Lao Po. The Ancient Chinese. London: Macdonald Educational   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holywell House, 1981 6. Nancarrow, Peter. Early China and the Wall. Minneapolis: Lerner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Publications Company, 1980 7. Overbeck, Cynthia. Thompson, Brenda. The Great Wall Of China.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1977 8. Toy, Sydney. A History of Fortification. London: William Heinemann,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1955 9. Karls, Robert. 10,000-li Great Wall. New York, Crabtree Publishing Company, 1958 10. Forbes, Geraldine. Asian Studies. New York, Mifflin Company, 1993 11. China, A Country Study. United States Government, Federal Research Division, 1988; 11-15. 12. Twitchett, Denis and Loewe, Michael. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 1986; 61- 63. 13. Twitchett, Denis. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 3. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 1979; 56-59. 14. Ledoux, Trish. Ancient Civilizations: Sanfrancisco, Mixx publishers, 1984 15. Muyaka, Ho Chin, Huang River: New York, Penguin Publishers, 1994

Age Discrimination Within The Workplace Essay -- Job Ageism Essays

Age discrimination in employment, also known as job ageism, is a complex issue which impacts on many areas of Government policy and can have many implications for individuals themselves. Age discrimination can occur across the whole spectrum of employment and can affect both younger and older people. It can affect a person’s chances of getting a job, as well as their chances of promotion or development when in work. Age can also be a factor when employers decide who should be selected for termination. Ageism seems to be more common in the workplace than racism or sexism. Although only about 20% Of all complaints filed with the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) are for age discrimination, settlements and jury awards are substantially higher in such cases than in those for race, sex or disability discrimination (Age Discrimination, 1999). Older people are accused of lacking energy and flexibility, while young people lack experience. Many people are refused the opportunity to show whether or not they have what it takes because of their age. These people are being robbed of their employment opportunities. Definition of Age Discrimination There can be both direct and indirect forms of age discrimination in employment. The most obvious forms are where people hold strong, stereotypical views about a person’s capabilities to do a job or to be developed because of their age. For instance, an employer could regard all 18 year olds as immature and incapable of managing older staff, even if they have the right qualifications and experience for the job. On the other hand, an employer could consider all those over 50 to be incapable of learning about new technology, because â€Å"that’s something that young... ...tions (5th). Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Petrick, J. A., & Furr, D. S. (1995). Total quality in managing human resources. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press. Player, A. M. (1992). Federal law of employment discrimination (3rd). St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co. Retrieved April 13, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://gtp.canberra.edu.au Retrieved April 13, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.mscd.edu Weitzman, A. H., & Senior, J. M. (1999). Employment law: Age discrimination.† National Law Journal, 22 (13), B7. Retrieved April 13, 2000 from ProQuest Direct on-line database. Yates, M. (1994). Power on the job: The legal rights of working people. Boston, MA: South End Press. Zemke, R. (1999). Get old - - get out!† Training; Minneapolis, 36 (3), 6-8. Retrieved April 13, 2000 from ProQuest Direct on-line database.

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay -- Rime Ancient Mariner

It has been suggested that The Rime of the Ancient Mariner may be read as a religious text, presenting ‘nothing less than the fall of man’. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner has been interpreted in a variety of ways since it’s creation in 1797. Some, such as Gavin McGann, argue that ballad is a story of our salvation of Christ, whereas others dispute this, believing it to be a metaphor for Original Sin in the Garden of Eden. Whilst these interpretations may differ, the view that The Rime may be read as a religious text does not. Religion lies at the heart of the poem, focusing on the trials and tribulations of man, depicting a moving spiritual journey of sin, punishment, repentance and eventual redemption. In murdering the albatross the Mariner commits a terrible sin. The bird brought with it Southerly winds to lead the straying ship out of the Antarctic, after it had been driven off course by a storm. Flying alongside the ship, the albatross held only the good intention of helping the ship finds its way back on track. The mariner’s sin is fundamentally unpremeditated and unfounded, and in committing a crime against nature, he is essentially committing a crime against God, the creator of all nature and life. The punishment which the Mariner must face following the motiveless shooting of the albatross is not unjustified. The crime arouses the wrath of supernatural spirits who then pursue the ship â€Å"from the land of mist and snow†; the Southerly wind which had initially led them from the land ... ...re is no doubt that it does present, through allegory, the spiritual regeneration of man. However, to approach the poem with purely a Christian interpretation in mind would be foolish as there a many respectable alternative interpretations, including Freudian and Jungian, which, although dissecting the poem in different ways, each have their own strengths. So, it is fair to say that the suggestion that The Rime of the Ancient Mariner may be interpreted as a â€Å"religious text† is true as a text can be interpreted in whatever way a reader wishes to view it. However to limit and confine the poem to this would be unfair, as a text can always be interpreted from many angles, and it would be highly critical towards Coleridge to conclude that, when he sat down to write the Ancient Mariner, he did so with the aim of creating simply a religious tale.

Atheistic Existentialism †Life Domains Essay

Directions: Complete the â€Å"Atheistic Existentialism† column in the table below by filling in the cells from information provided in the textbook. Atheistic Existentialism / REALITY The only reality for an AE is the one they create for themselves†¦everything is matter – everything is connected as some form of matter or energy and in a cause and effect relationship Atheistic Existentialism / KNOWLEDGE The only knowledge comes from our own senses. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN NATURE To an AE – humans are allowed free-will, personalities and consciences – but don’t have any reason to do anything with it Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN PROBLEMS Their problem is that they can’t deal with the fact that they have human personalities and tendencies – but don’t know why, or what to do with it Atheistic Existentialism / SOLUTIONS TO HUMAN PROBLEMS Humans alone have the only solution to their problem and the more they evolve the better they’ll be at fixing them, so live as if your inner desires do have some meaning and try to make an impact on the world. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN VALUE Truly there is no ultimate value of a human life, but Humans can have value because they create their own reality by making their own choices – good or bad. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN PURPOSE Our only purpose – according to an AE is that of making yourself into who or what you wish to be, otherwise there is no purpose. Atheistic Existentialism / ETHICS Ethics – Schmethics†¦As long as you make a conscience choice to do something – good or bad – you are determining what your ethics are. not living by the laws of man, or any other guide. Atheistic Existentialism / SUFFERING Nothing good comes of it – there is no purpose for it – so don’t do it. Atheistic Existentialism / MEANING OF LIFE. There is no real meaning – each individual is able to determine what life means to them by their choices to be or not to be, do or not do, etc. Atheistic Existentialism / HUMAN DESIRE Kill it! Don’t be led by your inner needs, wants, voices, it is absurd to follow these â€Å"accidental causes† of evolution – because you don’t need anything more than the basics to survive. Personal Reflection Directions: Briefly summarize your personal reflection on the information that you have entered into Tables 1 and 2 in this assignment. It is interesting to see the â€Å"evolution† of these 3 worldviews. From the Naturalist who views everything as natural in it’s existence – you exist based on your senses and experiences alone to the Secular Humanist with their realization that humans are wonderful – great creatures with personalities and determinations, but it doesn’t matter†¦to the Atheistic Existentialist (AE) – who finally realizes that the innermost feelings and desires we have as humans do exist, but would be better off â€Å"killed† or cut out than to be nurtured and followed. To me – It is just man’s way of not wanting to give credit where credit is do! So many people feel they have to â€Å"give up† so much to follow God. The only way Satan can â€Å"win† is to have more souls in his army than God. He finds our weaknesses and zeroes in on them to keep us from realizing the truth. Man’s ego and sense of self is historically his ruination. It’s easy to see how in these days, these 3 views – all making humans the only thing that matter and by crossing out God, satan is able to lead many astray.

25th Jan Revolution

afterwards thirty years of cruel and below the belt power, Hosni Mubarak was deposed and the semipolitical system was removed by a peacefully revolution. the Egyptian Youth make a revoluation that ordain change the pathway of history. the Egyptians atomic number 18 non the same either more(prenominal)(prenominal). At this moment, every unmatched speaks about politics and has his avow opinion. And of course, the events of Tunisia have a lead exercise in the impact on the Egyptian young person, because they felt that at that place is entrust, and the change is possible. Now, its oer for the Mubarak political science. Egypt has been suffering from a great gloam in every department of homophile needs. overty grown worse, people become more exhausted and frustrated by their change magnitude needs and social injustice. the Bad authorities and the Egyptians thirst for democracy and legally elections were The uncreated reasons, which led to this revoluation . No one in Egypt is fooled by the elections that have taken train during Mubaraks regime. Bribes ar in all over if you want accomplish eachthing, to get any government document, permit, licence, or even compensable a simple monthly bill, it will take hours and you have to pay bribes.This regime has run a brutal practice of law state. on that point were a Tight mesh controls, kidnappings, and jurisprudence beatings. The situation in Egypt began with invitation to the solar day of lyssa against Mubarak regime on January 25th. No one expected an invitation to the day of rage from a group on the Facebook page, called we are all Khalid Said can change everything in Egypt. Khalid said was an Egyptian youth who had been beaten to death by Mubarak police in Alexandria. His death became the match that direct the fire of Our Revolution.I decided to go checkmate the streets with my brother because we felt a great sense of internal suppression, there was an opportunity for us to express what is inside, we were impact by the corruption that fills the country, we felt it a duty to do something for our country. In Tahrir square, tout ensemble people felt as one family and they support each other. I axiom People from different political parties are interacting with each other. they seem to forget their political be enormousings and Christians are with Muslim unify in the revolution. Egyptians gathered in creation and discovered themselves as a well-behaved society.Finally, I can say that, We are All egyptians now. Men and women are stand side-by-side in calling for their rights. And when people unload their fear, amazing things sometimes happen. So, As long as you say there is no hope, then there will be no hope, but if you go down and take a stance, then there will be hope. We are relieve and our dignity is back. Now, I am more confident of my future and my childrens future. In this moment , and after revolution, I hope that this transitional era will not last too long and Egypt would indemnification stable and secure as it invariably been, God bless Egypt.